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Philosophy Kant and Hume Statements Essay
Philosophy Kant and Hume Statements Essay
Order ID 53003233773 Type Essay Writer Level Masters Style APA Sources/References 4 Perfect Number of Pages to Order 5-10 Pages Description/Paper Instructions
Philosophy Kant and Hume Statements Essay
Length
In the MLA style, your paper should be very close to 1,100 words long (this is about 4 pages). Remember, the emphasis for this sort of writing is quality not quantity.
Introduction & Conclusion paragraphs
Your first paragraph should be an intro or agenda paragraph (see an example below). Essentially, your first sentence should be something like, “In this essay, I will explain Mill’s and Bentham’s utilitarianism” or “This essay will address the central ethical principle of Kant’s deontology, i.e., the Categorical Imperative.” You should then should then provide an overview of what you will cover. Think of the first paragraph as a roadmap for the body of the essay. It should read like an outline of the body of the essay that was put it into paragraph form. You only have a few pages, so you shouldn’t bother with a long-winded, overly general ‘funnel’ introductory paragraph (i.e., do not begin your paper with, “Since the dawn of time, humans have pursued wisdom…” or “Throughout history people have always pondered about philosophical issues…”). Your conclusion paragraph should look a lot like the intro paragraph, but instead of “In this essay, I will do x, y, and z,” you can say “In this essay I did x, y, and z.”
Paper Topics (select one and only one out a, b, and c, i.e, out of Utilitarianism Paper 1, Utilitarianism Paper 2, and Kant’s Ethics)
- Utilitarianism Paper 1
Section I: The Principle of Utility
After your intro/agenda paragraph, you should begin this section by quoting the principle from the PowerPoint, i.e., “An action is morally right if and only if… ” Explain in your own words how the principle works. Address the following: What does it mean to maximize utility? And what is utility? What are sentient beings? Is this theory merely egoism? Is utilitarianism a sort of consequentialism or deontology? Which philosophers are credited with authoring the theory?
Section II: The Trolley Cases
Put Foot’s original trolley case, the fat-man version (and if you would like the transplant version) into your own words. For each case, contrast what the theory (i.e., utilitarianism) says with common-sense or moral intuition. If there is disagreement or misalignment between the two, explain why this is problematic.
Section III: Mill vs. Bentham: High & Low Pleasures
Address the following: Why would Bentham think Mill was a snob? Why would Bentham defend a life of simple pleasure devoid of cultured and sophisticated taste? How is the distinction between high and low pleasures relevant to this debate? Explain how Mill’s ‘It’s better to be Socrates dissatisfied than…” quote is supposed to disprove Bentham theory? Following this section you should complete your essay with your conclusion paragraph.
- Utilitarianism Paper 2
Section I: The Principle of Utility
After your intro/agenda paragraph, you should begin this section by quoting the principle from the PowerPoint, i.e., “An action is morally right if and only if… ” Explain in your own words how the principle works. Address the following: What does it mean to maximize utility? And what is utility? What are sentient beings? Is this theory merely egoism? Is utilitarianism a sort of consequentialism or deontology? Which philosophers are credited with authoring the theory?
Section II: Three Utilitarian Thought Experiments
Discuss exactly 3 of the following utilitarian thought experiments: Singer’s Oxfam/pond (explain why this isn’t a problem case for utilitarianism so much as it is an argument that we should help people even if they are not in close proximity). Rachel’s peeping Tom, the Titanic case, celebrities & hyper-luxury, the Better Call Saul case, the Omelas case, and Nozick’s experience machine. For each thought experiment, contrast what the theory (i.e., utilitarianism) says with common-sense or moral intuition. If there is disagreement or misalignment between the two, explain why this is problematic.
Section III: Act vs. Rule Utilitarianism
What is ‘rule’ utilitarianism (RU) and what is the driving force behind revising traditional or ‘act’ utilitarianism (AU)? Use the cracked smart-phone screen analogy to explain. How are rules of RU selected? How is RU supposed to avoid the problem cases of AU? What is Smart’s criticism of RU? What’s Smart’s problem with exceptionless, absolute rules? Use the Star Trek example in your explanation. If the rules of RU have exceptions, why is the theory still in trouble? Following this section you should complete your essay with your conclusion paragraph.
- Kant’s Ethics
Section I: Compare and Contrast Kant with Mill, Bentham, and Hume
After your intro/agenda paragraph, you should begin this section by address the major difference between Kant’s ethics and consequentialism. Discuss Kant’s and consequentialism’s differing views on one of following: (a) manslaughter vs first degree murder, (b) the sniper/pope case, or (c) the fat man trolley case. Does common sense or moral intuition side more with Kant or the consequentialists in these cases? What is the central difference between Kant’s and Hume’s moral psychology?
Section II: Kant’s Categorical Imperative and it’s Application
What is the difference between hypothetical imperatives and categorical imperatives? What is the first formulation of Kant’s Categorical Imperative? First explain the loose version and then the formal one. Apply it to three of Kant’s 4 examples, i.e., promise-breaking, not developing talents, not giving to charity, or suicide. Then apply the Categorical Imperative to the following maxim, “To save time, I will cut in line at the grocery store when no one is looking.” Be sure to discuss any contradictions and duties that arise. What is the second formulation of Kant’s categorical imperative? Apply it to the following maxim, “To save 5 lives, I will harvest the organs of an unwilling healthy person when they come in for a checkup.”
Section III: Problems for Kant’s Moral Theory
Discuss are least three problems for Kant’s moral principle. 1. Do only rational agents have moral worth? 2. Is the CI is too strict? (I.e., discuss Benjamin Constant’s inquiring murderer case). 3. Is the CI subject to counterexamples? (I.e., discuss Hanser’s leaving the game early case). 4. Do consequences really count for nothing? 5. Can reason alone really motivate? (I.e., Could a belief or knowledge about right and wrong (Kant’s ‘pure practical reason’) motivate someone without a desire to do the right thing?) Following this section you should complete your essay with your conclusion paragraph.
Stay Off the Web, No Really!
You needn’t and shouldn’t ‘google’ anything for this essay. Use only the resources from class, that is, our lectures, class discussions, readings, PowerPoints, and Quizlet flashcards (but do not just copy and paste the Quizlet material! Put things into your own words). Unfortunately, sometimes students — usually out of desperation — cut and paste material from the Web. This is plagiarism and is serious (discussed below). FYI: You will have to submit your essay to a plagiarism detection software.
Introductory Agenda Paragraph (Example)
Alexa Martinez
Phil 60: Ethics
Dr. Scherbart
4 December 2029
Kant’s Inviolable Imperative
In this essay, I will address the moral philosophy of Kant, with special emphasis on his
guiding ethical principle: the Categorical Imperative. I will discuss this principle in general,
including Kant’s procedure for universalizing maxims and looking for contradictions and
duties. I will then apply Kant’s system to the four examples in his text, i.e., promise-
breaking, charity, suicide, and developing talents. Along the way, I will explain how Kant
emphasizes reason and intention, as opposed to Hume’s emphasis on desire and Mill’s
emphasis on consequences. Finally, I will cover the second formulation of Kant’s ethics.
Content
This paper should be entirely descriptive. This means that you should not criticize or add your own two cents. Essentially, you are demonstrating that you have a substantial understanding of your topic by putting things into your own words.
Tone
Keep your tone academic, i.e., don’t write too colloquially. In other words, you don’t want your paper to read like an email or text to a friend, lol, =). Also, don’t allow your biases to spill onto the page, i.e., keep a neutral and objective tone.
Quotations
Quotations are not required, in fact I would recommend against them. Remember, the main task of this paper is to put what we’ve learned into your own words. If you do use quotations or paraphrasings, make sure not to overuse them. The quotations in many papers, if strung together, would account for twenty percent of the paper! Avoid this. Also, any quotations or paraphrases must accord with MLA style guides, i.e., their citations should be in-text, e.g., “The Theory of Natural Law is now widely rejected because its view of the world conflicts with modern science” (Rachels 61).
Use of quotations or paraphrasing require a works cited page following the conclusion of your essay. In general, if you reference or generally discuss one of the readings or lectures, you need a works cited page, which looks like this:
Works Cited
Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals (originally published in
1785), edited for easier reading by Jonathan F. Bennett. Earlymoderntexts.com, 2005.
Web. Feb. 2017.
Scherbart, Ryan. “Kant’s Ethics.” Phil 60, Spring ’17, Chabot College.
Revision & Editing
Although the precedent in college is to wait until the last minute to write essays, this often is the main obstacle to good writing. Even the best writers don’t get it right the first time. Imagine a Hollywood director shooting a film on one take. It would be almost impossible to make it as good as it would be if you had redone several things and made adjustments. I implore you write at least one draft of your paper before the final draft.
Getting feedback can greatly improve a paper. Feel free to email me a draft before the due date. Anytime is okay, but realize that if you wait until a couple days before the paper is due, there’s a chance I might not be able to get to it. You can also get comments from a peer or friend.
I also encourage you to slowly read your paper aloud to proofread it. It can also be helpful to print out a copy to read aloud, or read a copy out loud while someone else reads along. (Or get your computer to do it!) These methods are good at catching typos and weeding out sentences that are confusing or hard to understand.
Grading
Fairly grading papers is one of the most difficult things an instructor has to do. While I hesitate to offer a rubric, here are the questions I keep in mind while I’m grading your papers:
The Content: What You Say (Most important)
Have you accurately addressed the prompt? That is, have you accurately described the view, idea, argument, problems, (or aspects thereof), etc.? Have you demonstrated a more than surface level understanding of your topic?
The Writing: How You Say It (Important)
Is your paper well written, i.e., did you follow the tips and writing strategies offered in this handout? Is the paper well organized? Did this person lay out the agenda early on? Did this person avoid the ‘common undergraduate writing blunders’? How well does the paper flow? Is it too confusing? Is the language too emotive or loaded?
Details (Least Important)
Are there grammatical, spelling, or formatting errors? Are there typos? Did the person properly employ MLA?
Late Assignment Policy
Turning in your paper late will be detrimental to your final course grade. For example, suppose you turned in your paper a week late, this could lower paper grade from, e.g., a B to a C.
Policy on Cheating & Plagiarizing: If you are found plagiarizing,[1] you will be dismissed from this class with a grade of “F” and face possible suspension from Chabot College.
[1] Plagiarism is the conscious or inadvertent failure to identify the contributions of others. It occurs when someone borrows any part of another’s work and submits it as his or her own work without crediting its author.
Philosophy Kant and Hume Statements Essay
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE NO RESPONSE POOR / UNSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY GOOD EXCELLENT Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. 30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. 40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. 50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. 5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. 10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. 15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. 20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors 10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors 15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. 20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. 5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper 7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. 10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper.
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