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Data Collection and Identification of Relevant Facts
Data Collection and Identification of Relevant Facts
Order ID 53003233773 Type Essay Writer Level Masters Style APA Sources/References 4 Perfect Number of Pages to Order 5-10 Pages Description/Paper Instructions
Data Collection and Identification of Relevant Facts
- What are the key issues in the case; who is the decision maker in the case; is there a critical decision?
- What is the environment in which the key people operate; what are the constraints on their actions; what demands are imposed by the situation?
- Are solutions called for?
Step 2: Defining the Problem what is the critical issue or problems to be solved? This is probably the most crucial part of the analysis and sometimes the hardest thing to do in the whole analysis
- Where is the problem (individual, group, situation) why is it is a problem; is there a “gap” between actual performance and desired performance; for whom is it a problem and why
- Explicitly state the problem; are you sure it is a problem; is it important; what would happen if the “problem” were left alone”; could doing something about the “problem” have unintended consequences?
- What standard is violated; where is the deviation from standard
- What are the actual outcomes in terms of productivity and job satisfaction; what are the ideal outcomes
- How do key people feel about the problem and current outcomes
Step 3: Causes
Once you have identified the key problem(s), try to find the causes here. Most critical here is avoiding solutions, and avoiding blaming or judging people. Also
- don’t quit at the most obvious answer-try playing devil’s advocate; put yourself in the other person’s shoes
- Accept the multiple causality of events
- There may be a number of viable ways to fit the data together; explore as many as you can; go past the obvious
Step 4: Generating Alternative Solutions (not all assignments will call for this)
In thinking about a context for generating alternatives, think about:
- What is the decision-maker’s sources of power in the situation? (Legitimate, reward, punishment, expert, referent)
- What are possible leverage points (changing technology such as machines, processes, product designs; changing organizational structure; changing reward systems, job descriptions education, changing personnel, changing culture)
- Can individual behavior be changed (education, training, reward systems, job description, etc.)
Step 5: Decision (note that not all assignments will call for a solution)
In considering the alternatives generated above you need to be clear on the criteria you will use to evaluate them. Some possible criteria include:
- Does the alternative address the critical aspect of the problem? What is your objective? Be specific.
- What are the intended consequences; what are some unintended possible consequences; how will your decision improve the situation
- What is the probability of success; what are the risks; what happens if the plan fails
- What does the plan depend on? What are the costs? What power and control are needed?
Step 6: Taking Action and Following Up
In thinking about implementation, you want to think about these areas:
- What are leverage points for change-technology, reward systems, work relationships, reporting relationships, personnel changes
- What are the decision maker’s sources of power: legitimate, reward, expert, referent, etc.?
- What are the constraints on a solution: time, money, organizational policies, traditions, prior commitments, external realities
- Does culture have to change; what historical relationships must be respected
Step 6: Taking Action and Following Up
Data Collection and Identification of Relevant Facts
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE NO RESPONSE POOR / UNSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY GOOD EXCELLENT Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. 30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. 40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. 50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. 5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. 10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. 15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. 20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors 10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors 15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. 20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. 5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper 7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. 10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper.
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