Commonalities in Unethical Practices Assignment

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Description/Paper Instructions

Commonalities in Unethical Practices Assignment

Post 2 replies of at least 250 words. Each reply must incorporate at least 1 scholarly citation in APA format. Each reply should include integration of Biblical Worldview with supporting scripture. Any sources cited must have been

published within the last five years. Acceptable sources include the textbook, the Bible, peer- reviewed journal articles. Commonalities in Unethical Practices Assignment

Commonalities in Unethical Practices Assignment

Classmate 1: Commonalities in Unethical Practices

Commonalities in Unethical Practices Assignment

The Havasupai, American Indians, and less developed countries all shared similar treatment throughout the articles. The major commonality is that all three groups were vulnerable populations who were taken advantage of. This

is a highly unethical practice in biomedical research. Researchers may assume that vulnerable populations are easy targets because of low socioeconomic status, education level, or lack of medical care. Another commonality is

that ethical codes were twisted to create outcomes that researchers wanted. For example, researchers were dishonest with all subjects regarding the risk to benefit ratio, and the data being collected. All three studies also

showed that research has consequences that can impact large groups of people for generations. Commonalities in Unethical Practices Assignment

Commonalities in Unethical Practices Assignment

Violated Ethical Principles

Commonalities in Unethical Practices Assignment

Safe and quality care was not given to the patients in the in any of these three examples. The Code of Ethics for nurses states to do no harm (nonmaleficence). The ethical dilemmas came when patient rights were violated in the

name of biomedical research. Factors such as neglecting informed consent and withholding treatment for research purposes provided ethical issues. Vulnerable populations were also impacted and not taken into consideration.

For example, in the Tuskegee study, African American sharecroppers were chosen to be studied. The men were mostly illiterate, and also already sick with Syphilis, making participants more vulnerable. Participants were

promised benefits promised such as free medical care, free transportation to the clinic, free meals, and free burial insurance (CDC, 2020). Although light was shed on these issues in the Tuskegee study, research on American

Indians led to the same damage. Risks outweighed the benefits for American Indians who were subject to being studied for years. Commonalities in Unethical Practices Assignment

Commonalities in Unethical Practices Assignment

Lessons Learned

Commonalities in Unethical Practices Assignment

One major lesson learned is that vulnerable populations need to be protected, regarding both health and legal rights. Another lesson learned is that subjects should be able to ask questions and receive honest answers. In the

research community, several concerns could be addressed through these ethical issues. One concern is that although a small group of subjects may be studied, snowball effects can be seen in subjects’ families and

communities for years to come. Negative health outcomes are another lesson to be learned for both subjects and their families.

Commonalities in Unethical Practices Assignment

Suggested Guidance, Practices or Policies

Commonalities in Unethical Practices Assignment

Policies should be continuously created and enforced to ensure that subject rights are not being violated. Vulnerable populations should be studied with extra care and legal assistance. IRBs should be maintained with strong

parameters and boundaries. Researchers should continue to be educated on new study methods and procedures to ensure that safe studies can be conducted.

Commonalities in Unethical Practices Assignment

Christian Worldview

Commonalities in Unethical Practices Assignment

From a Biblical Worldview, the Havasupai, American Indian and less developed country studies should not have been conducted in the first place. As the Bible says in Romans, “No one who loves others will harm them. So, love is

all that the law demands (English Standard Version Bible, 2001). From a Christian standpoint, love should be given to everyone, despite race, gender, economic status, or age. Honesty and kindness should also be given to anyone

willing to participate in research.

Commonalities in Unethical Practices Assignment

Classmate 2: As Christian nurses, we are called to adopt ethical practice in our daily work. The Bible educates us to treat others as we would want to be treated, and to respect human life. Matthew 7:12 states, “so whatever you

wish others would do to you, do also to them, for this is the Law and the Prophets” (English Standard Version Bible, 2001). As we adopt ethical practice in clinical work, we must also adhere to ethical practice within nursing

research to uphold to the standard that the Bible sets for us in respecting others.

 

There are five basic rules of ethics, autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice and all medical research should uphold these principles (Artal & Rubenfeld, 2017). In the articles, many of these ethical principles were

violated. As is the case with the involuntarily sterilization of Native Americans and the genetic testing of the Havasupai people in Arizona, the right to autonomy was violated because the choice was not given to them to proceed

with the research. In both cases, informed consent was not obtained prior to the start of the study. In many unethical research practices, the necessity to obtain informed consent was blatantly disregarded (Artal & Rubenfeld,

2017). In the case of the heinous trichoma treatment and Tuskegee syphilis study, nonmaleficence was violated because the people involved in the study were knowingly harmed, including disfiguration, suffering, and death. In

the case of the involuntarily research on Native Americans, the argument could be made that justice was also violated as there were minimal repercussions for the heinous acts of the doctors and researchers involved.

Beneficence was also grossly violated in all cases because there was no real benefit to the participants, and the interventions caused much more harm than good. Beneficence means that researchers should work diligently to

maximize the benefit of the intervention while also decreasing risk of harm to the participants (Heale, 2017).

 

The policy of informed consent would help decrease some of these errors from occurring again. Having stringent policies about informed consent and the definition of ethical practice are critical to mitigating any potential

unethical research. The National Institute of Justice outlined 7 rights of participants to be maintained during research, which includes voluntary participation with informed consent, autonomy, right to end participation, right to

integrity, appropriate risk benefit ratio, safety, and access to research information (Artal & Rubenfeld, 2017). Having legal implications for unethical practice can also hold researchers accountable for any unjust acts against

participants.

 

In many of the cases discussed in the article, there was blatant disregard for human life and these minority groups were treated as “less than”. As Christians, the Bible teaches against this idea that anyone is less than anyone

else. The Bible teaches us to treat every individual with the utmost respect for their life. Jesus set the example for this with the work and care he gave to the poor and those disregarded by society. As Christian nurses, we must

lead by example to speak up if we notice anything unethical, and to make sure we are well-versed in ethical principles as we continue through our daily work.

 

Commonalities in Unethical Practices Assignment

RUBRIC QUALITY OF RESPONSE NO RESPONSE POOR / UNSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY GOOD EXCELLENT Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) Zero points:  Student failed to submit the final paper. 20 points out of 50:  The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. 30 points out of 50:  The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately.  Elements of the required response may also be lacking. 40 points out of 50:  The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples.  The answer is complete. 50 points:  The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples.  No aspects of the required answer are missing. Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). Zero points:  Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. 5 out 20 points:  Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. 10 out 20 points:  References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated.  Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. 15 out 20 points:  Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented.  APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors.  There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. 20 points:  Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented.  APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) Zero points:  Student failed to submit the final paper. 5 points out of 20:  The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors  10 points out 20:  The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors 15 points out of 20:  The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. 20 points:  The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) Zero points:  Student failed to submit the final paper. 3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. 5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements.  The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper 7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. 10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper. GET THIS PROJECT NOW BY CLICKING ON THIS LINK TO PLACE THE ORDER CLICK ON THE LINK HERE:  https://phdwriters.us/orders/ordernow Also, you can place the order at www.collegepaper.us/orders/ordernow / www.phdwriters.us/orders/ordernow Do You Have Any Other Essay/Assignment/Class Project/Homework Related to this? 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