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Benefits of Using Animals in Toxicology Research
Benefits of Using Animals in Toxicology Research
Order ID 53003233773 Type Essay Writer Level Masters Style APA Sources/References 4 Perfect Number of Pages to Order 5-10 Pages Description/Paper Instructions
Benefits of Using Animals in Toxicology Research
What is necessary for basic research and safety testing? Scientists need to study natural situations to understand life processes and to investigate how introducing a particular substance can change living systems. It is often helpful to break a process into steps and then investigate how introduction of the substance affects each step. This first stage in toxicity assessment takes place in vitro.
The investigator can pinpoint the various changes that could occur when a compound encounters a living cell and then make safety recommendations. Only a few substances successfully pass these initial trials. Those substances must then be tested further. Humans and other living things—plants, animals, and even molds and bacteria—are complex systems. The processes in any organism are far more complicated than just the sum of the individual parts. It is difficult to replicate at the lab bench the complex interactions. When safety is not assured, ethical research procedures restrict testing on humans. Additional experiments must be performed using other animals first, with the vast majority of animals now used being rats and mice.
Why is there a need to use animals? All organisms are composed of chemicals, and chemical reactions power all life processes. When a substance is introduced into an animal, it can
interact in many places throughout the whole body, and effects upon one process can cause unexpected consequences in others (see diagram). Using animals in experiments is critical because such complexity cannot be duplicated in cell culture or in nonliving systems. For example, toxicity can be influenced by the speed with which the substance enters the system, how the liver and other organs change it and how it is taken up by and interacts with various body tissues.
Some of the response is influenced by the tissue characteristics (e.g., liver is different than kidney tissue). Because “the dose makes the poison” at the level of the individual organ, we need to be able to analyze not only how a chemical act, but the relationship between the dose given to the animal and the dose delivered to the different organs and tissues in the body. Studies in whole animals are required to ensure the proper use of beneficial chemicals such as medicines, because the tissue or organ receiving the beneficial effect might be harmed if exposures are greater than needed. In many cases, laboratory tools simply cannot duplicate these complicated phenomena. Ultimately, animal testing is the best method to detect effects such as cancer and birth defects.
Given the above, what is the responsibility of the toxicologist? Scientists use whole living systems—animal models—in experiments to understand the relation- ships between exposure and effect, and to use them appropriately, responsibly and humanely. Data from these studies provide the essential foundation to distinguish and recommend which level of exposure is safe and which is harmful to people, animals and the environment.
What are the specific benefits of using animals in toxicology research? Safe Products and Safe Medicines—Toxicology
studies are crucial to the discovery and development of safe products such as new drugs, cleaning products, plastic food containers, flame- retardant infant clothing and food additives, to name a few. Toxicologists perform research in whole animals to ensure the short-term and long-term safety of such products before they are brought to market. If research on a new substance predicts significant risks to human or animal
❛ In the absence of human data, research with experimental animals is the most reliable means of detecting important toxic properties of chemical substances and for estimating risks to human and environmental health. ❜ SOT Animals in Research Public Policy Statement
Chemical A
Changed to Chemical B
Benefits of Using Animals in Toxicology Research
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE NO RESPONSE POOR / UNSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY GOOD EXCELLENT Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. 30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. 40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. 50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. 5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. 10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. 15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. 20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors 10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors 15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. 20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. 5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper 7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. 10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper.
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