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Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
Order ID 53563633773 Type Essay Writer Level Masters Style APA Sources/References 4 Perfect Number of Pages to Order 5-10 Pages Description/Paper Instructions
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
Question: What are some differences between Old World and New World monkeys; what are some similarities?
Lecture
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
What is a primate? Primates are members of a biological order (a means of classifying living things). According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, primates are “any mammal of the group that includes the lemurs (Links to an external site.), lorises (Links to an external site.), tarsiers (Links to an external site.), [New World and Old World] monkeys (Links to an external site.), apes (Links to an external site.), and humans (Links to an external site.). The order Primates, with its 300 or more species, is the third most diverse (Links to an external site.) order of mammal (Links to an external site.)s, after rodents (Links to an external site.) (Rodentia) and bats (Links to an external site.) (Chiroptera).” https://www.britannica.com/animal/primate-mammal (Links to an external site.)
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
Primates are grouped together as an order based on these shared characteristics:
Prehensile hands—our hands can grab and hold onto things
5 digits on hands and feet—this is the ancestral mammalian condition
Most, but not all, primates have nails rather than claws (flat, not pointy and sharp ends to the fingers and toes)
Faces are relatively flat compared to other animals, such as wolves or horses
Relatively large brains and rounded brain skulls
Forward facing eyes (over lapping field of vision = good depth perception)
More reliance on and more brain cells related to sight in relationship to smell (we depend more on our eyes than our noses)
All have clavicles
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
Many of these features are related to being arboreal, that is to living in the trees
This short video gives a good summary of some of the characteristics.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpnlS_ach-0&t=227s (Links to an external site.)
(Unfortunately, like so many other things online, this video still makes a distinction between “humans” and “apes.” It would have been more accurate to say “bipedal apes” instead of humans and “the other apes” instead of “apes” but that would probably confuse people. But not you I hope!)
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/primate/prim_1.htm (Links to an external site.) This site gives a good overview of what primates are. Please read this through and send me questions if you find any of it hard to understand.
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
Cladogram of
primates based
on homologous
physical traits
and genetic
similaritiesDifferences and Similarities between Old and New WorldFrom https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/primate/prim_8.htm (Go to this site if you cannot see the cladogram) (Links to an external site.)
Go to https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/primate/table_primates.htm (Links to an external site.) to see the following information in graphic form. (You might want to print it out for future reference.)
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
THERE ARE TWO BASIC GROUPS WITHIN THE PRIMATE ORDER: PROSIMIANS (Strepsirhines=primates with moist noses) AND ANTHROPOIDS (Haplorhines=primates with dry noses)
PROSIMIANS
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
lemurs, lorises They used to live throughout the world but now are found almost exclusively in Madagascar.
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
ANTHROPOIDS ARE SEPARATED INTO TWO MAIN GROUPS: NEW WORLD MONKEYS (PLATYRRHINES) AND OLD WORLD MONKEYS AND APES (CATARRHINES) the names refer to the shapes and orientations of their noses (“rhino” is “nose” in Greek).
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
As we discussed in earlier classes, even though we call both groups “monkeys,” the Old World monkeys are more closely related to apes than they are to New World monkeys.
Differences between platyrrhines and catarrhines:
New World Monkeys have widely spaced round nostrils that face sideways
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
Old World Monkeys and Apes have downward-facing oval nostrils that are close together
dental formula: New World monkeys have 3 premolars in each quadrant of their jaws for a total of 12; Old World monkeys and apes (including us) have 2, for a total of 8
some New World monkeys have prehensile tails, tails that they can wrap around things to use as a fifth limb
New World monkey face: https://www.monkeysanctuary.co.za/squirrel-monkeys (Links to an external site.)
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
Old World monkey face https://www.hoglezoo.org/meet_our_animals/animal_finder/hanuman_langur/ (Links to an external site.)
CATARRHINES ARE SEPARATED INTO CERCOPITHECOIDS (MONKEYS) AND HOMINOIDS (APES)
Cercopithecoids (monkeys) are more quadrupedal than hominoids (apes). These differences in locomotion are shown in differences in their skeletons:
monkeys have much longer lumbar regions and have tails
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
the scapula on apes is more toward the center of the back
ape arms are longer than their legs, monkeys are more equal
apes can lock their elbows
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
HOMINOIDS ARE SEPARATED INTO HYLOBATES (lesser apes: gibbons and siamangs) AND HOMINIDS (great apes)
THE FOUR GROUPS OF PRIMATES: (the names in brackets are the common names of some species within each group)
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
PROSIMIANS
LEMURS LORISES TARSIERS
[ring-tailed lemur, [lorises, bushbaby] [tarsiers]
indri, sifak]
https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/primate/prim_2.htm (Links to an external site.) and https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/primate/prim_3.htm (Links to an external site.)
CEBOIDS (NEW WORLD MONKEYS)
CALLITRICHIDS CEBIDS
[marmosets, tamarins] [howler, squirrel, spider, woolly monkeys]
https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/primate/prim_5.htm (Links to an external site.)
CERCOPITHECOIDS (OLD WORLD MONKEYS)
CERCOPITHICIDS COLOBINES
[macaques, baboons, mandrills] [languars, colobus, probiscis monkey]
https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/primate/prim_6.htm (Links to an external site.)
HOMINOIDS
HYLOBATIDS PONGIDS HOMININS
[gibbons, siamangs] [oranguatan, chimp, [man]
bonobo, gorillas]
https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/primate/prim_7.htm (Links to an external site.)
An online lecture that reviews all of the material discussed above plus adds some more informationhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igI3EOw8YCg (Links to an external site.)
I suggest that you take a break before you watch this video and use it as a review of what you have learned up to this point.
Primates have evolved a wide range of living forms, in at least three major lines of descent. The Madagascar lemurs, Old World monkeys, and New World monkeys are each a relatively homogeneous group, whose members have radiated to fill comparable niches on three different continents. In other words, among the living primates, different species from each of these three lines of descent occupy very similar econiches in different parts of the world. So there are Old World monkeys, New World monkeys, and lemurs that have adapted to similar foods and environments in different parts of the world as examples of parallel evolution. As a result, they have some similarities in their bodies and in the way they move (their patterns of locomotion). This is parallel evolution in action.
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
HABITATS—where primates live:
In the FOREST there are
CANOPY WITH EMERGENTS
MIDDLE STORY or UNDERSTORY
LOWER STORY or SHRUB LAYER
FOREST FLOOR
Several species of primates can live in the same area because they will not all occupy the same layers all of the time. For example, at Gombe in Africa where Jane Goodall first studied chimps, there are chimps, red colobus monkeys, and baboons.
Here is an image of a graphic at the Central Park Zoo which illustrates these layers of the forest.
It looks like this image isn’t appearing so I’ll send it in an email.
In addition to living in forests, primates can also live in SAVANNAS (grasslands with some trees) and STEPPES (grasslands with no trees)
TERMS:
TERRESTRIAL means spending all or most of the time on the ground
ARBOREAL means spending all or most of the time in the trees
DIURNAL means active during the day
NOCTURNAL means active during the night
DIETS
Animals who eat mostly or only leaves or grasses are folivores
Animals who eat mostly fruit are frugivores
Animals who eat mostly insects are insectivores
Animals who eat mostly meat are carnivores
Animals who eat many things are omnivores
Many primates are frugivores; some are insectiviores or folivores; tarsiers are carnivores; and we humans and some monkeys are omnivores.
TYPES OF LOCOMOTION (HOW PRIMATES MOVE)
VERTICAL CLINGING AND LEAPING
QUADRUPEDALISM
SLOW-CLIMBING
BRANCH-RUNNING AND WALKING
GROUND-RUNNING AND WALKING
SEMI-BRACHIATION [brachiation is moving using the arms]
USING THE TAIL [New World monkeys use their prehensile tails as a fifth limb]
WITHOUT USE OF THE TAIL
BRACHIATION
TRUE BRACHIATION
ARM SWINGING AND QUADRUMANOUS CLIMBING
KNUCKLE WALKING WITH BRACHIATION AND CLIMBING
BIPEDALISM
Vertical clinging and leaping is unique to the lemurs. They move around in the trees by jumping, taking off and landing with their feet. This is unlike other primates who land with their arms when they jump. (Did you ever see the movie Predator? One of the things that made the alien predator so creepy was how he moved in the trees, taking off and landing with his legs.)
Watch this for an example of shifak locomotionhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHCQ5-1n07M (Links to an external site.)
Quadrupedalism using all four limbs to move. There are several variations of this. Watch these videos and note the shapes of the primates’ hands and feet and how they use them.
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
Slow-climbing slow loris.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kTR6wR6yPw (Links to an external site.)
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
Branch runners and walkers squirrel monkeyshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dy-u0voqixQ (Links to an external site.)
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
Ground running and walking olive baboonshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cph0D7Vdjp4 (Links to an external site.)
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
Semi-brachiation using tails spider monkeyshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQ1XUz2Me-I (Links to an external site.)
Semi-brachiation without using tails colobus monkeys
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jkdXZclTVwE (Links to an external site.)
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
Brachiation
True brachiation gibbons and siamangs—these lesser apes move around using their arms much more than their legshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9rdn26Hpdwo (Links to an external site.)
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
Arm swinging and quadrumanous climbing orangutans brachiate but also climb using all four limbs and hands and feet (quadrumanous means four hands)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HgZT5Xr3vkM (Links to an external site.)
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
Knuckle walking with brachiation and climbing chimps, bonobos, and gorillas
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Npc5QlS6Iw (Links to an external site.) Andhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-U9V6E_Sej4 (Links to an external site.)
Differences and Similarities between Old and New World
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE NO RESPONSE POOR / UNSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY GOOD EXCELLENT Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. 30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. 40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. 50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. 5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. 10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. 15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. 20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors 10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors 15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. 20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. 5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper 7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. 10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper.
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